The Condon Study (McCarthy dissertation)

Premières préoccupations

Condon was always considered a good after-dinner speaker; he knew how to tell a funny anecdote. With the UFO contract under his belt the number of invitations he received increased. He, being the type of person who enjoyed such occasions, did not refuse. It would be a number of these speeches which would cause him difficulties within the UFO world.

As early as January Hall wrote McDonald that he, and therefore NICAP, worried about Condon's public statements. He indicated that if Condon continued in his ways that NICAP might have to withdraw support from the project or possibly ask for a new project or project leader. ^[1]

Hall's concern was for an article in the Elmira Star Gazette of January 26, 1967 which quoted Condon as saying in his Corning Glass Works talk:

It is my inclination right now to recommend that the government get out of this business. My attitude right now is that there is nothing to it, but I'm not supposed to reach a conclusion for another year.

It might seem strange that Hall could make the above threat of severing relations with CU, but it must be kept in mind that Condon planned to use NICAP data and was already in the process of establishing a nationwide UFO reporting network using NICAP members. In addition, the people in NICAP were the most vociferous about UFOs. If NICAP withdrew support and the Condon Study results were negative, NICAP members, many feared, would not accept the findings. Condon reacted by writing a letter to Donald Keyhoe claiming that the press had distorted his remarks. ^[2]

Ce tournant des événements affecta McDonald de manière marquée. Il décida que le temps était venu de placer son cas devant l'Académie Nationale des Sciences Science (NAS). Dans une lettre à Philip Seitz, Président de la NAS, c'est exactement ce qu'il fit. Il expliqua sa stratégie précédente d'"étude calme" avec le Comité sur les Sciences Atmosphériques et ses efforts plus récents de lobbying qui faillirent à porter leurs fruits. Il indiqua alors que les chercheurs de l'UC n'étaient pas conscients des dimensions du problème est qualifia l'UC de bon début mais trop petit projet. Finalement il conféra à la NAS la responsibilité de garder le public informé des questions ovni. Il dit vouloir briefer Seitz parce que le sujet serait d'une préoccupation publique submergeante dans quelques mois. Il argua que les interrelations entre la science et le public était d'une grande importance et que la NAS devrait être préparée à répondre aux questions sur les ovnis qu'on ne tarderait pas à lui poser s1[McDonald à Seitz, 3/2/67, M.L.].

A cette jonction il semble que McDonald esperait arrange un briefing avec Seitz en le convainquant que la NAS pourrait être caught napping on UFOs and come under considerable public criticism. Une chose que McDonald ne savait probablement pas était que Seitz êtait un ancien étudiant de Condon, le respectait, et pensait qu'il pouvait faire correctement le travail à Boulder.

While providing a briefing at CU Hall wrote back to Keyhoe regarding Condon's lack of interest in McDonald's offer of aid. Hall claimed that it was hinted that McDonald's tilt with the Air Force over ringing Tucson with missile sites made him persona non grata with the Air Force and consequently Condon didn't want to cause himself problems by asking McDonald for advice. ^[4]

Approximately a week later McDonald wrote Condon making another consulting offer and pointing out that he had ten months of experience to draw on. ^[5] The same day he dropped a note to Bob Low, the project administrator, stating that he would put himself at Low's disposal the three days Low would be in Tucson to meet with the Lorenzens of APRO. ^[6]

Le 22 janvier Seitz écrivit une réponse laconique à McDonald dans laquelle il disait que la NAS avait montré un intérêt pour ses remarques et prenait le sujet au sérieux. Seitz espérait par la suite que McDonald reste en contact rapproché avec Condon s2[Seitz à McDonald, 3/22/67, M.L.].

Après la visite de Low à Tucson il écrit à McDonald une lettre positive dans laquelle il exprime son désir d'arranger une occasion pour McDonald de parler à Boulder. Low mentionne sa tentative d'avoir Norman Levine, un ingénieur en électrique qui vient juste de finir son doctorat à l'Université d'Arizona, et William Hartmann, un astronome de l'UA, sur le projet. With regard to putting further UA people on the payroll Low said he knew everyone from the UA was independent but the public didn't and the impression left with the public had to be considered. ^[8]

Apparently at this point McDonald wanted to confront Condon publicly. In a letter to Neubold Noyes, in charge of the UFO Panel discussion to be presented at the American Society of Newspaper Editors convention, McDonald said he had Donald Menzel of Harvard committed to appear, but couldn't get Condon because Low opposed the idea. ^[9]

One way or another McDonald obtained an appointment to see Seitz at the NAS on April 19. Two weeks prior to that he wrote Seitz to firm up the engagement. While so doing he included an extensive list of his latest interest articulation efforts, no doubt to impress Seitz with the names of the various governmental, scientific and military groups he had addressed and to insure that Seitz realized how important the UA atmospheric physicist considered the problem. ^[10]

In a note received several weeks thereafter Low began by asking McDonald how he would spend a large UFO grant if he hypothetically had one. Then he touched upon the issue which brought him to write, namely a public statement by McDonald that Condon did not spend much time on the project. Low assured McDonald that what he had told him in Tucson was that Condon did not spend much time with the sighting files, but nevertheless he did contribute one-half of his time to the project. ^[11]

His continued concern with winning over Brian O'Brien, Chairman of the AFSAB, led McDonald to forward O'Brien copies of his latest UFO talks. In passing he mentioned that CU just didn't have enough scientific talent to get the job done. ^[12]

In early August McDonald went up to Boulder to brief the project staff on his recent Australian trip during which he interviewed more than eighty UFO sighting witnesses. He returned from Boulder with a jaundiced view according to a missive sent to Mary Lou Armstrong, Condon's administrative secretary and project worker. How a balanced report could be done as long as Condon refused to personally do interview work escaped him, although Roy Craig, a physical chemist from CU, impressed him. ^[13] Here we see the schism which would appear much more evident in the future. McDonald could talk and write openly to Armstrong and a few others, although Condon and Low, the leaders, remained at a distance. This distance apparently resulted from a number of the staff becoming convinced the UFO phenomenon was a significant scientific problem, possibly of extraterrestrial origin, while it seemed to these same individuals that Condon and Low did not take the matter seriously.

The disquietude evinced by McDonald to Armstrong he also passed along to Hall. He said he tried to talk Condon into interview work, but to no avail. In fact, Condon fell asleep twice during the briefing. When informed of the $50,000 contract to be given to Stanford Research Institute to prepare a paper on anomalous propagation phenomena in radar sightings McDonald said he suggested a $3.00 paperback on the subject. Il conclut en disant que Armstrong et Wadsworth, ce dernier étant un étudiant diplômé travaillant sur le projet, étaient en colère contre Low s3[McDonald à Hall, 8/15/67, Hall Letters, hereafter H.L.].

In a letter to Hughes McDonald again spoke of his pessimism regarding CU. He said that Ben Herman, a consultant to the project from the UA, "tells me they put on a show for me, and that after I left everything lapsed back into its normal apathy." ^[15]

However, McDonald must have received encouragement upon reading a note from Armstrong a few days later. She told him there was still hope, that Dave Saunders, a CU psychometrician on the staff, would take a strong positive stance if dissension arose in the Spring as she expected it would. She felt that his data-based computer runs gave him the power to make or break the study. ^[16]

Ten days later Saunders distributed an alternative outline to the one developed by Low for the final report. It was, in effect, a dissenting viewpoint. It remained to be seen how many of the staff would agree to it.

Although McDonald might have been heartened by Armstrong's remarks he felt the situation had deteriorated to the point that the NAS had to establish a panel to escalate scientific concern over UFOs. He told Seitz this and also laid out in general terms the panel's tasks while hurling a few barbs at CU. Finally, he argued it was the responsibility of the NAS to confront the problem and so he asked for an appointment to discuss the matter. ^[17]

Réaction aux déclarations de Condon

In mid-September Condon gave another of his UFO talks. This one was for an Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. A friend of McDonald's, William Bickel, attended and he wrote a memo to McDonald expressing his disgust with Condon's funny, entertaining stories about contactees, hoaxes, and research problems confronted because of ridicule, when Condon had an opportunity to stimulate the interest of the best atomic physicists and spectroscopists in the country. ^[18]

In a letter to Low discussing UFO cases McDonald raised the issue of the NBS talk and mentioned his concern over the matter. Low did not respond. ^[19] Donald Keyhoe at NICAP received a copy of the Bickel memo from McDonald and felt it had to be followed up. McDonald suggested to Keyhoe that he indicate that he had the memo to strengthen his bargaining position with Low. McDonald said he would wait until October 4 to see if Keyhoe obtained an answer. If he did not then McDonald would write Condon himself. ^[20]

Cependant, avant que cela put être settled McDonald eut écho d'un autre claque de Condon au phénomène ovni. Cette fois en parlant avec la presse le 27 septembre il indiqua sa désillusion pour les affaires d'ovnis, souhaita presque pouvoir s'en débarasser, et fit l'éloge d'un article de Science sur les ovnis par William Markowitz, un physicien de l'Université Marquette, qui tenta de démontrer l'impossibilité du voyage interplanétaire étant données les lois physiques telles que nous les connaissons. Pour finir, Condon dit être d'accord avec Markowitz sur le fait que la physique du 21ème siècle rirait de nous pour avoir enquêté sur les ovnis s4[McDonald à Sagan, 10/10/67, M.L.].

As a result of the above statements made by Condon a concerned William Hartmann, a UA astronomer doing UFO photo analysis for the CU project, called McDonald. He tried to explain that Condon's isolation from the project permitted him to concentrate on crackpot cases while the remainder of the staff pursued better data. He said he (Hartmann) talked the staff out of a September 28 press release refuting Condon's September 27 remarks and as far as Hartmann could tell a blow-up would probably be avoided, as would a minority report. It was likely that a compromise would be reached and even if a dissenting report were written only Condon's voice would be heard.

Hartmann believed that Condon's statements subtly sealed the lips of the project staff who could not contradict him and found this reinforced by Bob Low's comments that the staff would now be forced to go along with Condon. At this time McDonald was about to write Condon, a strategy Hartmann seconded, and in fact urged McDonald to emphasize in his letter the need for Condon to keep in close touch with his staff. ^[22]

This increased McDonald's concern for the future of UFO studies. His worst fears were apparently being realized. To determine if this were true he augmented his efforts to gather information about the inside workings of the UFO project and the authenticity of various public statements attributable to Condon.

Considered a fighter by all who knew him, Condon responded to the commotion over his public utterances not by conciliation, but by further inflammatory remarks. On October 16 the New York Times quoted him as saying he was inclined to think UFO studies should be discontinued unless someone came up with a new idea on how to approach the problem. ^[23]

Dans le même temps, McDonald retrouve Norman Levine et David Saunders qui étaient sur le projet. Ils discutent de sa déclaration au NBS, l'intenabilité de l'hypothèse d'une conspiration de l'Air Force et de la possibilité d'interférence de l'Air Force dans le projet si la recherche semblait aboutir à une conclusion positive s5[McDonald à Levine, 10/31/67, M.L.].

Levine réagit à certaines des questions de McDonald dans une note dans laquelle il dit que : s6[Levine à McDonald, 11/1/67, M.L.]

1. Il n'a pu trouver de copie de la lettre de Condon à l'éditeur.
2. Condon est à 50 % sur le projet.
3. la déclaration de Wadsworth sur le 3ᵉ homme d'université n'est pas accessible.
4. La déclaration de Low sur Alamosa (un cas) est jointe.
5. Low à passé 1 jour au Loch Ness.
6. Il n'a pas vérifié la citation de Condon dans le Rocky Mountain News.

Le point 5 étai important pour McDonald parce que Low avait dépensé l'argent du projet pour assister à une conférence astronomique en Europe, mais n'avait contacté aucun chercheur européen sur les ovnis. L'arrêt de Low au Loch Ness l'ennuyait plus car il semblait mettre les ovnis et le Monstre du Loch Ness dans la même catégorie de phénomènes. C'était quelque chose que McDonald n'acceptais pas.

A cette époque la disquietude au NICAP avait atteint un nouveau sommet. Keyhoe avait écrit 2 lettre, une pour Low et une pour Condon, demandant des réponses aux nombreuses questions liées à la crédibilité de Condon et au projet de recherche. Il souligna les divers hauts et bas que le NICAP avait eu avec Condon, y compris le severing des relations 2 mois plus tôt suite aux déclarations publiques de Condon. Tout du long Keyhoe montra sa préoccupation que Condon would coopt NICAP into appearing to endorse by association a negative, perniciously concocted final report. ^[26]

A la fin de novembre on trouve McDonald pensant au-delà de l'étude de l'UC. Sur la base d'une lettre à Saunders on peut conclure qu'ils avaient déjà commencé, avec Norm Levine, à discuter du futur des études sur les ovnis. McDonald affirmait que l'ensemble des agences de recherche fédérales attendaient le résultat de Boulder avant de s'investir elle-mêmes. Il pensait qu'un effort de taille de la NASA était in order, mais que si l'UC était négative alors une stratégie différente deviendrait nécessaire. Il pensait qu'une organisation professionnelle focalisée sur l'étude des ovnis était nécessaire pour lever des fonds sous la forme de droits pour soutenir un journal et une recherche. Une telle organisation serait constituée d'universitaires et serait orientée vers la recherche. Il voulait discuter de cela avec Saunders et Levine la prochaine fois qu'ils se verraient s7[McDonald à Saunders, 11/27/67, M.L.].

Condon replied to Keyhoe, as did Low, assuring Keyhoe of the integrity and independence of the project. Condon would not respond to most of the questions because he said the answers would give NICAP advance information about project conclusions. He asserted that all of his public statements were unbiased. He also provided assurances that if dissenting opinions existed when the research concluded that they would appear in the report. ^[28]

However, McDonald remained unconvinced of Condon's good intentions. On December 11 he wrote Aime Michel, considered the foremost European UFO researcher, to inform him that Condon's staff did not share Condon's attitudes and our hope lies with them. ^[29]

However, by the 28th in another letter to Michel, McDonald indicated that he was disappointed and disillusioned with Condon. Evidently more so than previously for he said, some confrontation is going to have to be effected. This is difficult to engineer. A number of us are working on that problem and thinking about it as carefully as we can. ^[30]

Le memorandum de Low : confrontation

1968 brought with it the confrontation which McDonald desired. He played the major role in this episode which turned on the infamous "Low memo" mentioned in the previous chapter. Although intended as one facet of a multi-pronged offense launched by McDonald against Condon in an attempt to change the direction of the project, it turned out that the "Trick Memo," as it came to be called, became the central topic of discussion for several months. This began with a letter from McDonald to Low in late January in which he detailed his criticisms.

He wrote to Low because of a phone conversation they had engaged in a few days earlier in which Low became upset when McDonald directed some harsh comments toward the administration of the project. He began the letter by saying he wanted to outline his main concerns about the project and that he saw no reason for Low to become upset. He argued that criticism at that time was important because it could influence the outcome of the research, and even though an unusual step to take prior to the completion of a study he nonetheless felt justified in doing so because the future of UFO research hung in the balance.

McDonald's major points revolved around Condon's negative press statements, his preoccupation with crackpots, his refusal to examine witnesses in good cases, the limited amount of communication between Condon and his staff and the lack of investigation of obfuscation cases (cases in which McDonald felt the Air Force had prohibited or inhibited investigation).

In addition, he discussed the Low memo in straightforward terms suggesting that its presence in the "open files" meant it no doubt could easily be explained. He also brought up what he called project communication problems, the waste he considered the $50000 Stanford Research Institute radar study contract, the inappropriateness of Aldora Lee's opinion poll 15 months after the project began, and the scientific unproductiveness of bringing Air Force intelligence officers up to Boulder for a briefing when the project staff were about to begin writing the final report. ^[31]

A letter from McDonald to Hall indicates that they viewed the Low memo as very important, and quite possibly their major weapon, from the beginning. As early as January 31 McDonald told Hall that after a talk with Gordon Lore, NICAP Assistant Director (Hall had left NICAP), and Donald Keyhoe that they resolved to get the memo on the record at the NAS and at the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Saunders apparently concurred in this tactic and McDonald commented that an NAS staff member agreed that this was the best way in which to accomplish his objectives at NAS. ^[32]

Le 9 février McDonald had not heard from Condon regarding the critical letter of January 31 to Low and, concerned that Condon might not rise to the bait, penned him a note. McDonald indicated that via CU administrative channels he knew that Condon had been apprised of the letter to Low. He told Condon that he intended to send copies to the NAS as a first step in making his case; a more detailed statement would follow. ^[33]

The same day McDonald sent off a statement to the NAS. He submitted the 1/31/68 letter to Low along with the Low memo, and his United Aircraft Research Labs paper presented January 26, 1968. He considered these a preamble to the more detailed criticisms of the lack of scientific open-mindedness and lack of scientific vigor in project administration which would follow and stated that they were in keeping with the concerns which he expressed to NAS staffers Coleman and Sievers on 4/20/67, Coleman on 9/29/67 and Coleman again on 1/30/68. ^[34]

Les répercussions de la lettre de McDonald du 31/1/1968 à Low furent bien plus grandes que prévues. Le 8 février Condon appela Saunders et Levine dans son bureau, les accusa d'avoir volé le memo de dossiers privés et les renvoya du projet pour incompétence. McDonald écrivit à Saunders et Levine exprimant sa détresse que Condon ait une si faible considération pour les sujets scientifiques en jeu. Il regretta aussi que Saunders et Levine ait eu à payer un prix si élevé pour getting on with a proper scientific investigation s8[McDonald à Saunders et Levine, 2/11/68, M.L.].

It seems that McDonald had second thoughts about the interpretation which the NAS staffers might put on his forwarding of the Low memo and so he wrote a note to qualify his actions. He explained that only project members and those with a scientific concern for the project had copies. He said the NAS received one because of its responsibility in the area. ^[36]

He also evinced a concern that Keyhoe of NICAP, known for his publicity exploits, might over-react to the situation. He explained to Keyhoe that Saunders and Levine would not go to the press and intended to respond solely at the NAS level until it was certain what the NAS would do. Consequently there was no need for NICAP to get involved in the behind-the-scenes activities.

In the same letter McDonald conveyed a bit of the thinking underlying his own involvement. He felt that Condon used the incompetence excuse for the firings to insure that reporters would not look for the memo. He indicated that Condon called Dr. Harvill, president of the UA, to tell Richard Kassander, McDonald's superior, that he (Condon) would soon contact Kassander demanding the return of the memo. However, McDonald had briefed Kassander on the situation and so Kassander told Condon to call McDonald if he wanted the memo. ^[37]

In troubled times McDonald usually got off a note to Jim Hughes his project monitor to keep him informed; this was no exception. He told Hughes of the events which occurred and passed along copies of the memo and NAS correspondence which he wanted Hughes to keep confidential. He said he forwarded the material to keep Hughes apprised in light of the day when he would apply to the ONR for funding to do UFO work. He told Hughes that any discussion of these matters should go to his home address because he didn't want such explosive material channeled through his department. ^[38]

A cordial letter which must have infuriated McDonald arrived from Seitz. He contended that Condon was a distinguished scientist who took his work seriously; press and grapevine accounts no doubt were superficial. Seitz indicated that the project had to run its course, but he would discuss McDonald's suggestions with Condon at the next opportunity. ^[39]

Condon answered McDonald's letters with questions and accusations of his own. He asserted that the Low memo was stolen from private files because it bore a date prior to the commencement of the project. Referring to his talk with Kassander he said he had done so because he thought the memo had been misrepresented to McDonald and once McDonald understood that he would return it. Now that he realized that McDonald would not return it he considered such conduct gravely unethical.

Furthermore, Condon said the review request of the project which McDonald made to Coleman at the NAS puzzled him. He wanted to know if McDonald desired a review prior to the completion of the report, or a review of the situation as a whole. Even though McDonald had adopted an adversary position with respect to the project in Condon's eyes, he closed by asking McDonald's cooperation on several procedural matters concerned with UFO Investigation. ^[40]

In a newsy note to Hughes, McDonald forwarded the Seitz and Condon retorts with the comment that the "NAS will not pick up the hot potato." He asked Hughes to keep the letters confidential and hoped they would bear on getting him some support in the future. Regardless of the cold shoulder given him by the NAS he indicated to Hughes that he intended to write up and forward the statement of concern already begun. ^[41]

By this time Saunders and Levine had started legal action against Condon for the use of "incompetence" as the reason for their firings.

Mrs. Saunders wrote McDonald thanking him for the support he gave the fired pair in a press release which appeared in the Denver Post. She was worried because Condon allegedly told Saunders, "for this (releasing the memo) you should be professionally destroyed." ^[42]

Le memorandum de Low : suites

McDonald again wrote Aime Michel to ask him to keep European ufologists abreast of the CU situation. He told Michel that "behind the scenes" efforts to force changes in the project were in progress. He said that although Hynek's participation had been hoped for, he nevertheless dropped out. The loss of Saunders and Levine, according to McDonald, seemed a high short-term loss but would be worth it in the long run. Incompetence not conspiracy was the villain, along with Condon's prestige, which proved a formidable weapon, as attested to by the lack of NAS action. ^[43]

It is difficult to assess what McDonald thought would be gained from publicly attacking Condon in UFO circles, but this is what he did and advocated. In a note to Charles Bowen, editor of the British Flying Saucer Review, he asked that Bowen speak out against Condon's project management if he felt this were possible in good conscience. ^[44]

Through his inside channels McDonald learned more about happenings at CU and passed this along to Hughes. Apparently a staff meeting took place at which Condon received considerable criticism. It appeared that he saw for the first time that the project had gotten into Low's hands and that Low was incapable of running it. ^[45]

McDonald was more informative in writing Hall the same day. He said that Roy Craig would be the primary investigator with the departure of Saunders and Levine and Craig might leave according to rumor if Low were not fired. Moreover, while Condon told Craig he could not go as far as the ETH, he did say that Craig could write report conclusions in which UFOs were considered a serious problem warranting further attention. McDonald suggested caution, however, since people on the project claimed that Condon could not be trusted.

On the legal front McDonald planned to get a lawyer to force Condon to retract various charges, in particular, that McDonald had coerced Saunders and Levine into stealing the memo. Saunders and Levine were also proceeding with legal steps as mentioned previously. ^[46]

About the same time Mary Lou Armstrong, Condon's administrative secretary and full participant in the project, proffered her resignation. In a ten-page letter she argued that Low was the cause of the project's problems. She enumerated nine points which portrayed Low in a negative light and suggested that if Condon had directed the project the conflictual situation would have been avoided. ^[47] This letter was cause for rejoicing on the part of McDonald and others of his persuasion because it seemed that this placed more pressure on Condon to take a further look at the conclusions his project would endorse. For at this time a set developed by Low already circulated among the staff.

The gravity of Armstrong's actions are best revealed by the letter through which Condon replied. He apparently spoke with her on the phone and then wanted to reaffirm the confidentiality of the resignation. He said he would consider it both unethical and a grave offense to reveal its contents which he suspected people would tempt her to do. ^[48]

On February 28 William Messing, McDonald's attorney, wrote to Condon. He informed Condon that unless he retracted the accusations made to Kassander, Harvill and the NAS in ten days Messing would have to take all necessary steps to protect McDonald's legal remedies. ^[49]

On still another front McDonald, Saunders, Levine and Armstrong took action of their own. They met with John Fuller, who previously wrote two UFO books, and now planned to pen an expose of the CU project focusing on the Low memo. He spoke with Condon, Low and Manning (the latter being the recipient of the memo) but received "no comments." McDonald told Hall he expected the article to appear in Look in four to six weeks. He also argued that although the NAS had taken no action, that once the article came out it would have to, if only behind the scenes. ^[50] In writing the article McDonald assured Fuller that he could count on the cooperation of William Bickel who wrote the note to McDonald describing Condon's NBS talk. ^[51]

Condon said in his February 15 note to McDonald that he had not studied McDonald's January 31 letter to Low, so in his response McDonald asked Condon to do so. In addition, he spoke to Condon's other points, the most important being, in McDonald's eyes, the use of "stolen" and "coerced" in his 2/15 letter and the intimation that McDonald had not attempted to cooperate with CU.

With regard to the former McDonald said he did not participate in any coercion or theft. He demanded a retraction which would go to himself, Kassander and Seitz. He said he wanted to hear from Condon on those charges. Concerning the charge of non-cooperation McDonald detailed his distress with the project going back to an 8/1/67 conversation with Condon. Moreover, he argued that this statement on the part of Condon revealed how little he knew about his own project, whereupon McDonald proceeded to list his efforts to cooperate with Low and Condon from as early as 10/16/66. ^[52]

After his response to Condon, McDonald sent an enraged note in answer to Low's missive of 2/2/68 in which Low asked for case material in a way which McDonald interpreted as feigning naivete concerning McDonald's past offers of aid. Probably McDonald suspected this to be an effort on Low's part to develop "files protection" regarding the relationship of the project to McDonald just in case an investigation of the project were ever made.

McDonald asserted that the letter had a hollow ring to it; that it was written in a style suggesting Low had just heard about his (McDonald's) interest in UFOs. He said he found the events at Boulder shocking and was still waiting for a retort to his critical letter of 1/31/68. ^[53]

In his fifth letter of the day McDonald sent off a dissatisfied reply to Seitz at the NAS. He was sorry the concern shown by Seitz was so slight and paraphrasing Seitz said, "I think it will be scientifically undesirable to let the Condon study run its course." He was upset that the material he had sent Seitz (the 1/31/68 letter to Low and the Low memo) had not convinced people at the NAS that Condon and Low had a preset bias which the Air Force overlooked. In the selection of the NAS Review Panel he hoped this would be considered. ^[54]

Condon wrote McDonald to the effect that he rejected McDonald's notion that the memo was taken from "open files." That it was done surreptitiously was proof enough for Condon that the perpetrators were engaged in wrong-doing. He believed McDonald's conduct was unethical and explained that, because the issue had become a legal matter, he had been advised to terminate correspondence by his attorney. ^[55]

McDonald, after mentioning that he wanted to be included in the indemnification insurance he understood the Look lawyers were considering for contributors to the Low memo article, told John Fuller he was glad the Look editors cleared the manuscript. He said, "I feel sure that its impact on scientific attitudes (as well as public attitudes) concerning the handling of the UFO problem will have a most salutary effect." ^[56] However, he believed the article needed several sentences indicating Harriet Hunter (a project staff member) confronted Low with the memo in October 1967. This would thwart, he thought, Condon's claim that it was done behind his and Low's backs. ^[57]

Meanwhile McDonald decided to postpone any legal action against Condon for maligning his good name. He told Hall he felt it would be a tactical error to pursue legal instead of scientific channels in a dispute which was essentially scientific. ^[58]

When the Look article finally came out McDonald found it a bit short at 5,000 words, but he believed the salient points were put into the open record. He sent fifteen copies off to various foreign UFO groups. ^[59]

On April 30, a day prior to publication, Keyhoe managed to complicate the already confused situation by calling a NICAP press conference "to blow it all open." What annoyed Keyhoe was the fact that Look did not intend to give NICAP a box comment in the article, and that Fuller and the Look editors refused to see him in order to avoid a confrontation on the issue. At the press conference Keyhoe broke relations with the Condon Study, accused Condon of a conspiracy (according to the press) and released copies of the memo to the press, which angered Saunders, Saunders' lawyer and Fuller. ^[60] Saunders' concern was primarily with his court case against Condon. He feared that what Keyhoe said might get back to Boulder and hurt his chances, particularly since Philip Klass had taped the press conference and reportedly took it to the AFOSR. ^[61]

Activity in Other Venues

A ce point il semblerait que la NAS n'ait pas réagit comme l'attendait McDonald, et ce dernier partit défendre son cas dans d'autres quartiers. On se sait pas clairement s'il a approché Science ou vice-versa. En fait, la situation est rendue d'autant plus confuse par une lettre à Science de la part de l'un de ses rédacteurs, Daniel Greenberg s9[Lettre à Science, "UFO Story: Is Propriety the Issue?" Daniel Greenberg, Science , le Friday, October 25, 1968, p. 410]. A l'intérieur Greenberg répondait aux critiques de l'article par Lewis Branscomb s10[Lettre à Science, "Irrational Public Debates," Lewis Branscomb, Science, le Friday, September 27, 1968, p. 1297] qui apparut finalement en disant que Condon commença par approcher Science, qui avait déjà prévu un article sur l'UC, lorsqu'il (Condon) pensa qu'il devait contrer la publicité négative de l'article de Look. Lorsque la publicité négative ne se matérialisa finalement pas il refusa de coopérer avec Science et dit qu'il ne voulait pas qu'un récit soit fait. Quoi qu'il en soit début juin, McDonald écrivit à Philip Boffey, un éditorialiste pour Science, joignant des articles, des éléments de fond, et sa lettre du le Tuesday, March 5, 1968 à Condon. Il incita Boffey a s'intéresser à la question autant que possible dans l'espoir que Science puisse être capable de rectifier une partie de la négligence conférée au sujet. Faisant référence à sa lettre du 5 mars 1968 il indique, L'ensemble de cette chose est une situation sans précédent et only my strong conviction that we're dealing in the UFO problem with a matter of high scientific importance which Condon was going to casually reinter has led to my pursuing some of these courses. s11[McDonald à Boffey, 10 juin 1968, M.L.]. Boffey finit par écrite un article critique du Projet Condon pour Science s12[Philip Boffey, "UFO Project: Trouble on the Ground," Science, 26 juillet 1968, pp. 339-42].

Durant cette même période le membre du Congrès Roush de l'Indiana, qui avec McDonald avait mis en place les auditions du Comité sur la Science et l'Astronautique de la Chambre sur les ovnis en Juillet 1968, écrivit à Seitz à la NAS, probablement à la demande de McDonald, pour faire quelques suggestions. Il demandait à la NAS de :

1. Examiner les allégations de Look et les objections de McDonald à l'étude Condon.
2. Examiner d'autres cas significatifs comme recommendé par Hynek.
3. Examiner le renvoi de Saunders et Levine.

Roush dit qu'il suspendrait l'examen du projet par le Bureau des Comptes Gouvernementaux qu'il avait initié jusqu'à ce que la NAS achève son examen. ^[66]

Une autre tentative d'obtenir de la publicité, cette fois dans Industrial Review Magazine, ne réussit pas aussi bien qu'avec la manœuvre de Science. Lorsque le magazine commença à s'intéresser à l'UC -- avec ou sans le poignardement de McDonald on ne sait pas bien -- Condon, qui faisait partie du comité de rédaction du magazine, tenta de dissuader le comité de s'intéresser à l'histoire. Lorsqu'il échoua il démissionna du comité. ^[67]Cependant, le rédacteur affecté à l'histoire, un certain A. J. Cote, could not come around to seeing the Condon Study as McDonald did. In fact, he reached the point where he felt he had laid the groundwork to indict either the project or its critics, but he couldn't come down off the fence until he saw the final report. So, after writing an introductory article, he decided not to write the final piece. For Cote it was a question of whose accusations to believe and only the report could settle the matter. ^[68] It would appear that he did not write the final article even after the release of the report. This was a blow to McDonald after his expenditure of considerable time and energy in trying to convince Cote of the efficacy of his position.

Activity on the part of McDonald with respect to the CU study slackened during the summer months. This was due to his intense involvement in the July House Hearings mentioned above and their aftermath. Nevertheless, in October his concern for the outcome of the Boulder study remained high, as evidenced by a note from Phyllis O'Callaghan, Assistant Legislatif du Représentant Roush. Apparently McDonald wrote to her asking that she use the good offices of Roush to ferret out any information she could obtain about the secret NAS Panel which was to review the Condon Report. This was important to McDonald because he wanted to contact the panel members to give them the inside story on both the UFO project and the UFO phenomenon in general.

O'Callaghan reported that Coleman at the NAS told her the panel members were chosen by the President and members of the NAS Council and would remain secret. The review would not immediately be made public, but would be forwarded to the Air Force and released at the discretion of the Air Force. ^[69]

Intent upon informing the panel of what had taken place at CU McDonald pursued another tactic. Il contacta Saunders, qui à cette époque avait écrit un livre sur son expérience de l'UC avec Roger Harkins, un journaliste de Boulder. Il persuada Saunders et son éditeur d'envoyer les épreuves à la NAS. McDonald pensait que le livre contenait des informations non présentes dans l'article de Look qui auraient eu un effet salutaire sur les scientifiques de l'Academie s13[McDonald à Hughes, 10/21/68, M.L.]. Il entreprit certainement cette action en raison de la lettre à Science par Branscomb mentionnée ci-dessus. Lui comme Saunders pensaient que, puisque Branscomb était un collègue de Condon à l'UC, la lettre, qui défendait Condon et accusait McDonald, présageait un rapport final négatif s14[McDonald à O'Callaghan, 21 octobre 1968, M.L.].

Rebuttal Attempt: Working with NICAP

The Branscomb letter probably marked a turning point in tactics for McDonald. Up to that time there was always the feeling that the report might prove acceptable. However, three weeks after the letter appeared McDonald wrote to Hall to discuss good CU cases to begin reinvestigating for a rebuttal to the report. ^[72] McDonald did not want to be caught by surprise and as a result produce a rebuttal so far after the fact that the Condon Report would be forgotten and the rebuttal, therefore, without impact.

No doubt still looking toward the future possibility of funding from the ONR McDonald sent the Saunders galleys to Hughes along with his commentary on various parts of the book. He told Hughes that Saunders' choice of UFO cases did not impress him, but the administrative history of the project was well done and it heartened him to see it in the open record. ^[73] The galleys eventually went to the NAS also, but only because the New American Library, Saunders' publisher, sent them. Saunders himself concluded that the galleys were not a scientific document and did not feel he could forward them.

Concern for the report further heightened when McDonald heard "a well-confirmed rumor" that Condon did not want the study to go to the NAS or the public unless he were covered for libel suits from witnesses. This made McDonald believe that Condon categorized many witnesses as cheats, frauds, unreliables or psychotics. This possibility increased his desire to prepare the rebuttal and he told Hall to begin assembling a list of all CU cases if one didn't already exist. ^[75]

McDonald argued that Condon's desire for libel protection was a ploy to "bottle up" the report. However, he didn't think it would work because of the publicity received by CU in the Look and Science articles. He thought the Air Force would release the report even if it meant providing the libel protection. ^[76]

He continued with plans to organize the rebuttal. He told Hall that they were not doing their homework; that the report would be out shortly, they would be asked for comment and be caught short if they did not hurry their preparation. The case review could best be conducted, he thought, by getting together with Saunders, Levine and Armstrong. To pursue post Condon UFO work with a formal organization, without a good critique of CU, McDonald considered sheer folly. ^[77]

Although going forward with these plans McDonald continued his efforts to get through to the NAS review panel. He offered Seitz his comments and critique of the Condon Study which he argued would be more helpful to the panel prior to its deliberations than after. ^[78]

In further rebuttal talk McDonald urged Hall to keep their efforts quiet. He argued that the rumor chain could work both ways and if the people at CU or the Air Force were to learn of the cases that were undergoing investigation they might have them reworked or excluded from the report. The next six to eight weeks seemed critical to him. ^[79]

In the interim Hall and his associates at NICAP worked up a plan for the rebuttal. It included the release of UFOs: A New Look along with a press release, the writing of a "white paper" on the CU project with a covering press release, the development of an analysis of the Condon Report with an accompanying press release, and the systematic use of the media by NICAP Subcommittees and Affiliates to present local rebuttal throughout the nation. ^[80]

Rebuttal Attempt: Working Through NAS

When Seitz replied to McDonald it was to say that he thought there would be ample time for criticism after the report and review came out. He asserted that the panel was chosen to be as impartial as possible and would be given the Roush Hearings to peruse as well as McDonald's congressional statement. ^[81]

This implied that everything which McDonald had to say could be read in those two documents. McDonald retorted that the hearings did not touch upon the Air Force handling of the UFO problem or the Condon Study. Therefore, access to the Hearings would not permit the committee to weigh those points he believed most salient. McDonald closed by directly asking Seitz for the names of the Review Panel members. ^[82]

In correspondence with Malone he said Seitz and the secrecy at the NAS made him uneasy. He thought the NAS was in the process of digging itself into a hole with Condon and so he asked Malone to provide any constructive suggestions that might occur to him. ^[83]

The interaction with the NAS continued with McDonald, not hearing from Seitz in six days, dashing off a quick note in a further attempt to get what he considered vital information to the Review Panel. He asked Seitz to give the Panel his 1/31/68 letter to Low as well as his 2/9/68 and 3/5/68 letters to Seitz expressing grave concern. McDonald claimed that he took every step since his 4/20/67 meeting with Seitz with misgivings, but he continued to believe the problem sufficiently important to justify his actions. He said that he wanted confirmation that the correspondence had been forwarded to the Review Panel. ^[84]

The same day Seitz wrote McDonald that any material he had for the Panel should be forwarded. However, the Panel had to remain anonymous to avoid intrusions into the members' lives. ^[85]

La situation entière semblait sinistre à McDonald après que Lou Corbin lui a dit que John Sievers à l'Academie avait laissé l'impression que l'ensemble des panelistes était des membres de l'Académie. McDonald commença à attaquer sur un autre front. Ayant une fois réussi à mettre en place les Auditions de la Chambre sur les ovnis il essaya de nouveau. Jerry Pettis, un membre de la Chambre de Californie, évoqua publiquement la possibilité après les observations de Redlands en Tuesday, March 5, 1968. Maintenant McDonald disait à Malone qu'il avait contacté le Représentant Udall en lui demandant de pousser Pettis à agir s15McDonald à Malone, 20 décembre 1968, M.L..

Publication du rapport Colorado

Début Janvier trouva McDonald avide d'avoir le rapport à paraître bientôt. Lorsqu'il détermina la date effective où la NAS le rendrait public il télégraphia à Seitz, Comprend le Rapport Condon disponible jeudi. Volerai pour Washington Mercredi et téléphonerai Jeudi pour étudier copie à l'Académie ou autre source s16[McDonald à Seitz, 1/7/69, M.L.]. Une semaine plus tard il avait parcouru le document d'un millier de pages et levait les bras, ayant anticipé que les conclusions étaient, de son point de vue, négatives. Condon indiquait s17[E.U. Condon, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, New York: Bantam Books, 1969, p. 1] :

Notre conclusion générale est que rien n'a débouché de l'étude des ovnis dans les 21 dernières années qui n'ai apporté à la connaissance scientifique. Une considération attentive des archives telles qu'elle nous sont disponibles amène à conclure qu'une étude plus approfondie des ovnis ne peut probablement pas être justifiée dans l'attente que la science en soi avancée.

Properly conducted research, according to McDonald, would have justified an unfavorable outcome. However, McDonald viewed the research as prejudiced in approach, poorly conceived and improperly conducted; hence a rebuttal was in order. This took both verbal and written form, occupying him for most of 1969. He began by contacting Hynek at Northwestern to get him to speak out on the Report. In addition, he got Kuiper, Hartmann and others at the UA together in a colloquium for purposes of indicting the Boulder study.

The following week McDonald put in full-time rechecking the work done by Condon and his staff. He found numerous glaring errors epitomized by the statement : plus je regarde plus ça empire. He admitted there were some bright spots, but they were not in the areas which made a difference. ^[89]

During this period plans went forward at NICAP for an extensive written rebuttal. Constant contact between the NICAP staff, particularly Hall, and McDonald took place. The latter intended to make a large written contribution as well as softening up selected government, military and academic audiences through speaking engagements. His speaking feats, prodigious since October 1966, took him to the podium seventy-eight times. In the first 6 months of 1969 he intensified these efforts by speaking out against the Condon Report at eighteen different functions (see Appendix A for a list of his speaking engagements).

Il poursuivit une autre tactique en tentant de trouver des membres disaffected de l'équipe de Condon qui pourraient dénoncer publiquement le Rapport. Il demanda à William Hartmann, qui a réalisé de travail d'analyse photo pour Condon, s'il serait prét à faire les mêmes déclarations qu'il avait faites à un colloque de l'IAP, où il avait exprimé son désaccord avec les conclusions et recommandations du Rapport, de manière plus publique dans Science. Il se demanda aussi si d'autres membres pourraient le rejoindre, car lors d'une discussion récente avec Franklin Roach (qui réalisa la section sur les observations d'astronautes) il avait découvert qu'un certain nombre de membres de l'équipe n'était pas d'accord avec les conclusions du Rapport s18[McDonald à Hartmann, 2/10/1969, M.L.].

Although Hartmann was not impressed by the substance of the UFO phenomenon, he did express concern that it did not receive fair treatment from journal editors. Nevertheless, he felt he could not speak out against Condon because Condon's chapters of summary, conclusions and recommendations were under his own name. Consequently, to criticize Condon publicly for using wording different from that used by his staff in other chapters to describe the research of the latter would be impossible. Hartmann further suggested that McDonald would be wise to take his case to Science rather than to the speaking circuit. ^[91]

With Hynek, Saunders and others McDonald did a Voice of America tape on the UFO problem and focused on the Condon Report. It disappointed him that Condon refused to participate. At this time he mentioned to Hughes undergoing the first major change in his position since June 1966, in that he believed the Condon Report was just one more example of the Air Force receiving bad advice from the scientific community. The Air Force did not foist a conspiracy on the public; the scientific community failed to advise the Air Force wisely and a twenty-year foul-up resulted. ^[92]

Continuing Rebuttal Activity

McDonald also recruited others to help in the rebuttal. He asked Hall if there was anything that needed doing which William Bickel, a professor of Physics at the UA, might work on? He said Bickel's area was plasma spectroscopy and he wanted to help. ^[93] By this time McDonald's ideas regarding the size of the rebuttal were grandiose. He spoke in terms of 300 pages, ^[94] while Hall considered 150-200 pages the optimum length. ^[95]

One might ask of what this rebuttal work consisted. To provide some idea of what took place the following letter from McDonald to Ted Bloecher at NICAP is presented in full. ^[96]

Unfortunately, from McDonald's standpoint, after several months of effort both on his part and on NICAP's, administrative problems at NICAP forced the rebuttal to a halt. Nevertheless, the output from its preparation provided McDonald with a great deal of grist for his verbal and written critiques of the Condon Report.

February 26, 1969

Mr. Ted Bloecher
N.I.C.A.P.
1536 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036

Dear Ted:

There are several points to briefly mention concerning cases that I have recently been checking.

1. I talked with Tom Nicholl, Leawood, Kansas, and was well-impressed with him. There were only a few details over and above his rather complete report that I got over the phone. Mainly, I feel that it can be treated as a fairly solid report and an interesting indication of Condon's casual handling of such cases. We made a tentative date to have lunch together in Kansas City when I am speaking to the AIAA Section there in late May.

2. Some weeks ago you sent me NICAP file material on the 3/25/66 sighting in Ann Arbor by Grenier and others. I have now talked with Grenier and with Kartlick who works at a University of Michigan lab (supported by NASA) but not correctly called a NASA Lab). Sounds like a strong case and I am getting further information from both of them on it. Dr. Espey, whose tergiversations with respect to swamp gas are an amusing facet of that case is no longer in Ann Arbor. Kartlick will try to locate him for me.

3. Finding the 3/25 incident more impressive than I would have guessed, I reviewed the short section in the Condon Report dealing with the March, 1966 wave in Michigan. The more I pondered Condon's casual rehash of the Air Force statement plus Bland's suggestion that maybe it was swamp gas after all, the more annoyed I became. There was the series of sightings which led directly to the creation of the Condon Committee and he passes it off with a page and one half most of it direct from Air Force press personnel.

   So last Sunday I called Frank Mannor. Briefly, that has led me into an intensive recheck on the Dexter-Hillsdale sightings, and it has left me boiling mad at Allen Hynek. Quite by chance Allen, passing through Tucson, called me from the airport a few days ago and I gave him some of my sentiments directly.

   I have interviewed Mannor, Dexter police chief Taylor, Deputy Fitzpatrick, Hillsdale Civil Defense Director VanHorn, Sheriff Harvey, Sgt. Schneider, Hillsdale College Director of Public Affairs Ferguson, Deputy McFadden, and there are three or four more whom I am still hunting down including Mrs. Kelly Hearn of the Hillsdale sighting, Nolen Lee, and Robert Hunawill.

1. I am digging into this because it is one more point of critique and rebuttal of the Condon Report which I now believe warrants strong emphasis. It also discloses the abysmal Condon-like prejudices that Hynek brought to that case and that characterize so much of his pre-1966 Bluebook work. I can't take time to even give you the highlights of what are now about 20 pages of telephone notes from this interviewing, except to say that it is one more incredible facet of the UFO problem.
2. If in the NICAP files you have anything from Mrs. Kelly Hearn, who I have yet to locate, I would very much appreciate copies. I see no point in asking you to copy what must be an extremely large file of material on the Michigan cases. However, if in going through it you should see any gems that you would guess that I have never studied, obviously I would be interested.

4. But there is one matter that I would like to ask you and Dick and Isabel to try to help me on, if possible. It's a detail in the 6/29/54 BOAC stratocruiser case. I just got a tape of the audio of the BBC-TV and I have listened carefully to the interview with Capt. James Howard. I have also gone over an article which was published In 1955 in Stag magazine, which was written by Howard "as told to" some writer. I have only one or two contemporary clippings on it, plus the other obvious references in the Evidence, etc.

   An extremely important detail, that may serve to explode completely Thayer's mirage explanation concerns the height of the cloud tops below the stratocruiser. He was at 19,000 ft, and in the Stag article he states that the cloud tops were down around 5,000 ft. Do you know of any information that would tend to confirm cloud heights that low? I have calculated, from standard refraction theory, the horizon dip-angle for any of a number of assumed cloud deck altitudes. If the cloud tops lay anywhere below about 17,000 or 18,000 feet the dip-angle is so large that Thayer's suggestion of a superior mirage from an assumed overlying inversion layer is absurd. Can you help me at all on this?

   If in going through the NICAP or the CSI files you locate anything in the way of any substantial press interviews or other articles in addition to the Stag article, I would greatly appreciate getting copies.

   I wrote to Captain Howard, c/o BOAC, several weeks ago, and then followed up with another letter about two weeks later. I want to get directly from him, if possible, information on those clouds. To date, no answer. I may write him again in about a week.

My California trip and other matters have gotten in the way of further writing of my RESA draft. I am getting back to it now.

I can't take time and space to elaborate, but I have some very interesting information on the Kirtland case (page 141 in the Bantam edition), as well as the 5/13 Colorado Springs radar case. Also, Norm Levine has sent very relevant commentary on the Kincheloe case. I have so much material to discuss that my principal problem is how to boil it down.

Nor did he give up on showing the Air Force the error of its ways. Probably his revised position with respect to the poor scientific advice provided in the past spurred him on. In the same time-frame as his attempts to critique the CU study he again knocked on the Air Force door. He informed William Price at AFOSR that he would be in Washington from June 9-11 for an NSF Advisory Panel Meeting on the Atmospheric Sciences and requested Price to arrange a colloquium on UFOs for interested AFOSR personnel. He told Price that after four months of checking he was very concerned about the Condon Report. ^[97] Price said the Air Force no longer had responsibility in the area, but McDonald could confer with the OAR and AFOSR people who handled the CU contract. ^[98]

Of paramount importance to McDonald was the anticipated Air Force action on the Condon recommendations. He spoke at the AFOSR giving a critique of the Condon Report and told Price that since the Condon recommendations did not rule out further studies if properly designed, that he would submit a proposal for funding. ^[99] A Colonel Whitfield Martin wrote to McDonald some time later informing him that the AFOSR had no responsibility for UFOs and so he could not encourage the submission of a proposal. ^[100]

The CU Data Controversy

In his continuing effort to check cases in the Condon Report McDonald became involved in another imbroglio. One of the problems with the Condon Report, at least in the eyes of those interested in reinvestigation of cases, was the fact that witness names were not used and the geographic location of the sighting was given as a section, such as the Northwest United States. Condon claimed he adopted this approach so that witnesses would not be harassed after publication of the report. Some of the cases investigated were well enough known, however, that McDonald could determine from the above information alone who to contact. Yet, others were more obscure and it was to obtain information on these cases that he contacted Dr. Ralph Ellsworth.

He phoned Ellsworth, head of Norlin Library at CU, to check some cases in the Project files which Condon presented to the Western Historical Collection in Norlin. Ellsworth indicated McDonald needed Condon's permission to examine the material. McDonald thereupon wrote Condon asking to see the files in May and/or June. ^[101] Condon replied that McDonald could not consult the files because, "it is not our intention to make them publicly available in the near future." ^[102]

This undoubtedly brought McDonald to a slow boil. He had already obtained copies of the radar cases analyzed by Gordon Thayer in the Condon Report from Blue Book, but the witness names were excised. He argued to Condon that because the project had access to the names and because the copies of the Blue Book files held at Norlin were not a direct outgrowth of the project that he should be permitted access. ^[103] This argument did not persuade Condon. He reiterated that project files would not be opened in the near future, especially the Blue Book files. He asserted it would be inappropriate to do so since the Air Force kept witness names confidential. To get McDonald's hackles up he forwarded a copy of his American Philosophical Society paper on UFOs in which he placed UFOs in the category of occult nonsense. ^[104]

A cela McDonald répondit en going over Condon's head. Il contacta Morris Udall qui parla au Secrétaire de l'Air Force Seamans et au Représentant Moss qui présidait le Sous-Comité sur le Droit à l'Information de la Chambre. Il transmit également à Condon les critiques du Rapport et lui dit que vos déclarations de Philadelphie de Irvine indiquent que vous ne devez avoir aucune conscience de la faiblesse de la position que vous avez développée et que en donnat à l'Académie un tel Rapport, je pense que vous avez rendu à la science un mauvais service direct. Que les processus de l'Académie puissent amener à une approbation est troublant s19[McDonald à Condon, 6 juin 1969, M.L.]. Dans une note laconique Condon le remercie pour les attachements et notifie McDonald de la fin de la correspondance s20[Condon à McDonald, 12 juin 1969, M.L.]. C'est le début de la controverse des données de l'UC.

Even though this only brings us halfway through 1969 it is as far as McDonald's correspondence goes in that year with respect to the Condon Study, although it picks up again in mid-1970. This is largely due to his involvement in the SST debate, his preparation for the 1969 AAAS UFO Symposium and his battle with Philip Klass.

The CU data controversy is the last extended interaction of McDonald with the CU project other than his intermittent public talks, his Icarus review which put his criticism in a respected scientific journal ^[107] and his AAAS paper presented in Boston in December 1969. Therefore, this chapter will close by following his efforts to obtain access to the Condon Project data in 1970 and 1971 and omit mention of any other extant, but limited activities relating to the Condon Report.

In 1970 McDonald continued to develop his personal rebuttal to the Condon Report. Failing to secure satisfaction from Secretary of the Air Force Seamans and Congressman Moss, in June of 1970, after waiting a year, he made another request of Ellsworth at Norlin Library to access the Xeroxed Blue Book files which were part of the Condon Project material. ^[108] He considered this a propitious time to act because of Condon's recent retirement and he (McDonald) intended to travel to NCAR in Boulder for a meeting in mid-July. ^[109] John Brennan, Curator of the Western Historical Collection, replied for Ellsworth explaining that the files could not be made available because the Library continued to operate under the 4/22/69 instructions given by Condon. ^[110]

This attempt aborted as did a personal conversation with Brennan on July 6 while visiting NCAR on business; nevertheless, McDonald did not consider this the end of the matter. He wrote Ellsworth again using a slightly different approach. This time he pointed out that the Blue Book cases were archived at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama which meant they were available, but he stated that he had no reason to be in that area of the country. However, he said he would be in Boulder in late August and asked Ellsworth to obtain Condon's permission to Xerox two to three dozen cases. ^[111]

In reference to this problem in a letter to Saunders, McDonald revealed the rationale behind his request. "I'm asking if I can see just the Blue Book Xeroxes alone. Since those items are not really research material generated by the Condon Project, but rather provided at no cost by a government agency, it would seem that my plea can't be brushed aside as unreasonable." ^[112]

Ellsworth responded that he asked Condon's permission and awaited a reply. ^[113] McDonald informed Ellsworth that he would be in Fort Collins for an American Meteorological Society meeting from August 24-28 and in Boulder during September. He enclosed a list of the cases he wanted to look at. ^[114] Several days later Ellsworth indicated to McDonald that Condon refused access on the grounds that a confidential relationship existed with the Air Force, but if the Air Force were to agree and the material could be sorted out, it would be alright. Ellsworth said that unfortunately the Library did not have the money or the staff to do the sorting and so he suggested McDonald travel to Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama to acquire the material. ^[115]

We can obtain a feeling for Condon's position on this matter by looking at the rationale he presented to Ellsworth for the above response. He stated, "I believe that the material consists of a mixed bag that needs a lot of sorting. If there are some rough notes of the Colorado Project fieldwork in it, I would expect him (McDonald) to pounce on that and criticize our mode of handling it."

"But more formally, a refusal can be based on the fact that the Air Force cases were given to us in confidence with the understanding that names of persons involved in the cases would not be disclosed, so to let him see the files would be to violate our understanding." ^[116]

McDonald reacted to the Ellsworth letter by writing Colonel William Coleman at SAFOI in Washington to ask permission to Xerox the Blue Book material. ^[117] He forwarded a carbon to Ellsworth and told him that Saunders claimed the files were ordered in such a way as to minimize the staff time involved in sorting the material. ^[118] Coleman's answer was to the effect that McDonald could have access to the material if it could be worked out with the University of Colorado. ^[119] Ellsworth followed this up by saying that it was alright with him but McDonald still needed Condon's consent. ^[120]

Finally Condon personally entered the fray. He told McDonald that the project files were not a part of the Norlin collection, but were only in storage there until he could decide what to do with them. He went on to say, "On the basis of my previous experiences in dealing with you I have decided that you will not be given access to any of this material. As I read the fourth paragraph of Colonel Coleman's letter the names and addresses of witnesses are confidential. We have no machinery for administering this provision of their regulations." ^[121]

McDonald actually received the above letter from Condon on August 25. On August 24 while in Boulder he went to Norlin to determine if he could have access to the files. He was told that Condon removed them from the Library. He wrote Condon reiterating his position that he only wanted Blue Book Xeroxes, was already working with similar material from Maxwell and, according to Ellsworth's 7/24/70 letter, only needed Air Force permission and the cooperation of the CU staff to get the files. He said that since his prior correspondence made it clear that he had access to Maxwell material, and Coleman's letter only dealt with the disclosure of witness names in the scientific literature, and not with the examination of the files, he found Condon's refusal on the grounds that he had "no machinery for administering this provision of their regulations" difficult to understand.

He asserted that he still wanted the material and claimed Condon reversed himself on the conditions for access which he had previously laid down. McDonald wanted to know if Condon thought the files were his private property and, if so, if he considered it his right to destroy them? ^[122]

This closed the debate for 1970 because Condon never replied. There is only one more chapter to the story. It came in February 1971. Gordon Thayer, who did the radar case analyses for the Condon Report and later had some second thoughts on the UFO problem, agreed to write up the classic Lakenheath, England radar case for the journal Aeronautics and Astronautics of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He called McDonald for a copy of the Blue Book file, for by that time McDonald had made several trips to Maxwell, but McDonald told him to get it from Condon since he (Thayer) worked at ESSA in Boulder. Thayer replied that he asked Condon and was told that the files were too bulky to store so he had destroyed them. ^[123] McDonald was furious, but to no avail. The attempt to guide the Condon Study and then to rebut its findings was over. McDonald lost, but what did he try to do, and how did he try to do it?